East Pakistan 1971: Shared histories, contested narratives, and a common future

Abstract

The events of the 1971 crisis and the subsequent creation of Bangladesh remain a contested moment in South Asian history. Examining various hangovers from this crisis, antecedent history, and the evolution of the political landscape in both East and West Pakistan provides an understanding of the critically important events of this period. It addresses the humanitarian impacts of this tragedy. The article demonstrates that a combination of structural factors, identity, and a lack of political accommodation contributed to the collapse of the State, and that both historical narratives and competing national narratives continue to drive the relationship between Pakistan and Bangladesh. To provide a more comprehensive, evidence-based, and complete understanding of the events of 1971, using voices that are rarely discussed, the article calls for this work. Further, it provides a new theoretical approach (IRM) for thinking about reconciliation as a structural, ideational and discursive process. By reviewing global examples of reconciliation, the study presents pathways to achieve historical acknowledgement, transform narratives, and enhance engagement with political and social institutions. Ultimately, it concludes that sustainable reconciliation will require a gradual, inclusive and future-oriented approach grounded in mutual recognition and long-term dialogue.